by Kathleen Vonk, PCI #042T/EMSCI #063
Ann Arbor P.D. (MI)
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The effectiveness of police officers on bicycles in community policing roles
has long been established. One needs only to witness a crowd of children
gathered around the "neighborhood bike officer" handing out trading cards
or junior badges to understand the connection between citizens and police
on bikes. Although the role of community officer is one of the most important
and visible ones a bike officer plays, it is far from the only one. Beyond
community policing there exist reactive policing and proactive policing,
including surveillance, night operations, and traffic enforcement, all of
which are being performed by bike cops across the country.
Reactive Policing
Reactive policing is a segment of police work that can and should be done
by bike cops. Bike cops can perform the "everyday" functions of police work,
such as investigating burglaries, handling trouble with subjects, and responding
to ambulance requests. The only difference is that they arrive on the scene
on bikes instead of in cars. If the geographical area is large and staffing
issues prevent the officer from riding a bicycle for the entire shift, the
officer can mount a bike rack on the patrol car and do a "park and ride."
According to a recent survey by the International Police Mountain Bike
Association, 55% of responding agencies utilize this technique. Officers
on bicycles are sometimes even faster responding to emergency calls than
their motorized counterparts, due their ability to maneuver around traffic
congestion and use short cuts only accessible to two-wheeled modes of
transportation. In addition, many common calls are deemed low priority, so
it does not really matter if the officer on a bike arrives in ten minutes
rather than five.
Since the bicycle can access areas unreachable by motorized units, bike cops
often find themselves patrolling these areas and finding easy success. Criminals
sometimes choose to commit their deeds where police cruisers cannot follow;
therefore, the police officer on a bicycle can engage in "sneaky" tactics
(as described by those caught by police cyclists). Travel on the bike can
be so quick and stealthy that criminals usually do not have a chance to conceal
evidence or run away. If a criminal does run, the police cyclist is able
to utilize the mechanical advantage of the bicycle, increasing the chances
of apprehension. In the city of Ann Arbor, which has had over 70 bike-certified
officers since 1993, there has been just one instance out of literally hundreds
of foot-bicycle pursuits in which a suspect eluded arrest. This incident
took place in the downtown area, where several driveways are lined with concrete
half-walls. It was later discovered that the "suspect" was a Big Ten track
and field hurdler!
Areas that are known to have a high degree of criminal activity can also
be targeted using team tactics. For example, a park that houses reported
alcohol and drug activity can be observed through binoculars from a point
of advantage and concealment. Once several violations have been observed
and documented, an entire team of police cyclists can converge on the area
and make the necessary arrests. Word that this type of enforcement is being
employed quickly spreads among the criminals and problems are soon displaced
or dissolved.
Other locales might have specific, recurring crimes to address. In Ann Arbor,
the residential area commonly inhabited by students is plagued with disorderly
crimes and alcohol violations. During the months of September through December
(football season), the agency deploys several "party patrol" officers to
enforce a variety of violations, such as open intox in public, minor in
possession, loud parties, and public urination. Some of these officers utilize
the bicycle and literally write ticket after ticket. Upper classmen have
learned that they cannot rely upon hiding their containers from a pair of
approaching headlights in case it is a patrol car. The freshmen, however,
have not yet experienced the stealthy bike officers and receive the majority
of the tickets. This is affectionately referred to as AAPD's version of "freshman
orientation."
Surveillance
Bike officers can also be employed for surveillance. Surveillance can be
conducted in the midst of the criminal activity, as plain clothes officers
can either mingle or observe from different vantage points. A different technique
involves an "observation officer" positioned away from the contact officers.
The observation officer watches a specific target or area, and when an arrestable
offense occurs, calls it out to the waiting motorized contact units. The
observation officer remains stationary and hidden, ready to call out the
next violation. The "chase cars" take enforcement action away from the scene
after the violator leaves the area. Activity within that area continues as
usual. General surveillance can be conducted from vantage points above eye
level, such as at the top of parking structures and public buildings.
Specific targets can be followed and observed undetected by a cop on a bike,
even if the officer is wearing a police bicycle uniform. Police cyclists
can also wear plain clothes and ride bicycles with no visible police markings.
Bike cops soon learn to use parking structures, alleys, walls, fences, trees,
dumpsters, shrubbery, landscaping, and buildings to conceal themselves from
targeted persons.
Night Operations
Think bike patrols can operate only during daylight hours? Think again. Working
at night poses different challenges to the bike officer, but it also offers
additional advantages. A bike cop is even more "stealthy" under the cover
of darkness. Even a patrol car approaching in stealth mode can be heard and
sometimes seen. The police cyclist working at night can utilize shadows,
parked cars, building corners, and many other objects to conceal his/her
position or from which to approach scenes. It is not uncommon for bike cops
to hide and observe, then "ride right into" crimes in progress and make arrests
before the criminal even knows what is happening! This can be a disadvantage
at times, when the officer's presence in the middle of criminal activity
comes as a surprise to the officer as well.
Despite the stealthy nature of the bike, the officer must take certain measures
to avoid making noise, including the "click, click, click" made by the rear
derailleur of a coasting bicycle. This problem can be alleviated by equipping
the bike with a so-called "silent hub." Tools bouncing against one another
in the officer's rack bag can give a position away, so care must be taken
to wrap such articles. Bicycle maintenance is important for more reasons
than good performance: an unmaintained bicycle makes unusual and unnecessary
noises.
Bike cops are not the only ones who may give their positions away at night,
and bike cops are in a situation to be aware of unusual sounds. Noise from
criminals carries at night as well, and bike officers might hear breaking
glass, gunshots, or cries for help that patrol car officers may not be able
to hear. It is not uncommon for police cyclists to discover criminal activity
in progress, after hearing noises and quietly following up. Police cyclists
working in Dayton, Ohio, arrested two suspects armed with fully automatic
weapons after they silently followed "break-in" noises and made a traffic
stop on a vehicle leaving the scene of a home invasion.
Any bike officer involved in night operations must take extra safety precautions,
such as riding on the sidewalk and using reflective materials. Patrolling
on the sidewalk can help protect the officers from drunk drivers, who are
more prevalent at night. It also enables them to hide in shadows and areas
of building egress. Riding on the sidewalk also takes the curb out of the
equation during the transition to other riding surfaces such as the grassy
or dirt areas in parks, alleys or construction sites. If the officer does
ride in the street at night, all precautions must be taken to make the officer
as visible as possible. Reflective seams and lettering sewn into the back
of the uniform, headlights and flashing LED taillights, and pedal reflectors
are all important.
Traffic Enforcement
Traffic enforcement? How can an officer on a bicycle catch motor vehicles
and enforce traffic law? It is neither as difficult or ridiculous as it seems.
Obviously, agencies are not assigning bike cops to the interstate, but they
are employing them in downtown settings where congestion is high and speeds
are low. Officers can easily ride between lines of bumper-to-bumper traffic,
looking down into the passenger compartment of the stopped vehicles as they
slowly pass. Numerous drunk driving arrests and open intoxicant tickets can
be tallied in areas where teens engage in the ever-popular hobby of "cruising."
As a bonus, these traffic stops more often than not lead to other charges
such as DWLS, open warrants, and drugs.
Bicycle-mounted officers are also utilized in residential areas, where speeding
and stop sign violations are the most common complaint of residents. The
team approach is used for such types of enforcement. One officer is stationed
in a "not-so-conspicuous" location with a hand-held, battery-operated laser
or radar unit. This officer reports speeds and descriptions to his partner(s),
who is stationed a short distance up the street, ready to hand-stop the vehicle
or wait near the next stop sign to initiate contact.
The suggestion of using bike officers for traffic enforcement raises a series
of important questions: How does a police cyclist actually stop the vehicle?
What does the officer do for cover during the approach and duration of the
contact? And what if the driver doesn't stop in the first place, either
intentionally or unintentionally?
The first consideration in initiating vehicle stops is how to capture the
driver's attention. Without the luxury of overheads and air horns or sirens,
the bike officer requires an alternative signaling device. Physical contact
with the vehicle is discouraged since the police cyclist is extremely vulnerable,
and it places the officer open to claims of vehicle damage. Several light/siren
units have been designed specifically for police on bikes, and a whistle
works well in the absence of one of these.
Once the driver has pulled over, the officer should always be cognizant of
available cover, since the engine block of a police car is no longer available.
Care should be taken in placement of the bicycle, to avoid damage to the
bike by the vehicle, and to allow for a rapid retreat to cover if necessary.
A passenger side approach is preferred to the driver side approach for several
reasons. First, because the officer does not have the protection of a patrol
car with emergency lights activated to offset from the target vehicle,
approaching on the passenger side gives the officer a certain measure of
protection. Second, the passenger side approach comes as a surprise to the
occupants of a stopped car, and it is not uncommon for a police cyclist to
stand on the passenger side for several seconds and even minutes before being
noticed by the occupants. This time affords the officer an enormous advantage
- that of being in a position to act rather than react, whether the choice
is to retreat or engage.
Once the officer has made contact, the driver can be requested to perform
certain actions to improve the officer's physical safety, and tactical advantage.
The officer can request that the driver activate the hazard lights on for
more rear visibility. At night, the officer can request the driver to turn
on the dome light and leave it on throughout the entire stop, providing the
officer with the tactical advantage of being in the dark and looking into
a lighted interior. The officer might also want to consider taking the keys
to the vehicle, or, at minimum, having the driver turn off the engine. These
actions make it slightly more difficult for the driver to flee.
After the officer has obtained the necessary information, the area in which
the warrant check will be made and where the ticket will be written must
be selected. Ideally, some immediate environmental cover will exist, behind
which the officer can perform these routine police functions. If not, and
if no other officers are available to assist, the officer might choose a
location away from the bicycle since this is where the occupants might expect
him/her to be.
Initially, if the driver does not stop and intentionally flees, officer safety
must be the main priority. The police cyclist should rely on patrol vehicles
to become involved to complete the arrest using high-risk tactics. Felony
fleeing charges have become common in cases of police cyclist-vehicle pursuits,
as discovered by the survey previously cited.
Conclusion
While police bicycle officers continue to be an integral and essential part
of the community policing initiative, many law enforcement agencies are beginning
to explore ways to incorporate them into various types of operations.
Forward-thinking agencies continue to discover new and creative uses for
the police bicycle. One increasingly common use is patrolling mall parking
lots during winter holidays. Agencies report significant effectiveness in
apprehending those who snatch purses and shopping bags, finding stolen cars,
and catching fleeing retail fraud suspects. Some agencies employ bicycles
to enforce fishing and hunting laws, to manage crowds during organized protests,
demonstrations, and acts of civil disobedience; and as part of executive
protection details. This is just the beginning. Continued advancements in
equipment, technology, and training will continue to expand the use of the
bike as an effective policing tool.
About the author: Kathleen D. Vonk has been a police officer for
14 years and a bike officer for nine. She is a certified instructor for the
International Police Mountain Bike Association (IPMBA) and currently serves
as President of the Board. She is an adjunct instructor for Heckler &
Koch International Training Division. She has instructed hundreds of police
mountain bike officers throughout the United States, and has taught at IPMBA's
international "Police on Bikes" Conference since 1995. She is a firearms
instructor, RedMan instructor, Simunition instructor, and field training
officer. Comments and questions can be directed to her at:
kvonk@ci.ann-arbor.mi.us
This article originally appeared in the April 2002 issue of Law and Order
magazine, www.lawandordermag.com.
It also appeared in the Fall 2002 issue of IPMBA News
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